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In the field of cosmetic surgery the position is less clear. Most cosmetic surgery is performed within the private sector as part of an industry where the providers are expected to make a profit. Some clinics use surgeons who live abroad and come to the UK for two or three month periods at a time to perform procedures.
Cosmetic surgery is surgery performed by a professional and therefore the Bolam test is applicable in assessing whether the surgeon has fallen below an acceptable standard of care and skill. If, in applying the Bolam test, the Court is considering whether a responsible body of neurosurgeons would have carried out a particular operation, then the field from which bodies of neurosurgeons come is easily identifiable - they all work or have worked in the NHS. They will probably all be on the appropriate specialist register with the GMC etc.